Crimp a RJ45 cable with the following pinout
1 <-> 1
2 <-> 7
3 <-> 6
4 <-> 5
5 <-> 4
6 <-> 3
7 <-> 2
8 <-> 8
On the MRV LX, use the following settings
– Flow Control to “None”
– Banner to “None”
– Disable “AutoHangup”
– Change Prompt to empty string
You can now access your cisco devices through your MRV LX Console server
Update: Extreme Network devices will work with the regular blue cisco serial cable. Console to switch, RJ45 to MRV
So, during spring break, I was extremely bored and implimented merge sort into a language that doesn’t really need it: Bash. I got inspiration to do this from seeing merge sort implimented in Prolog. As of right now, it merely sorts integers, but can sort anything, given that a compareTo method of what you want sorted is written into the merge method (bash isn’t object oriented, so it’s not really so adaptable to adaptability.) I doubt I’m the first person to do this, but it’s a nice thought experiment to see how limited languages can still allow the performance of advanced operations. I don’t guarantee that this algorithm performs in n*log(n) time as I’m not sure of the individual costs of bash operations or the cost of reading and executing this, but I tested it with 1330 numbers and it sorted them in about 35 seconds on my 1.6 Ghz laptop.
#!/bin/bash
mrgsrt() {
# This function impliments the merge sort algorithm into bash.
#
# @Author: Adam Vite
if [ $# = 1 ]; then
echo $1;
# There is only one arguement, list is sorted
elif [ $# -gt 1 ]; then
i=0;
unset left;
unset right;
for x in $@ ; do
if [ $i -lt $(($# / 2)) ]; then
left=$( echo $left $x );
i=$(($i + 1));
else
right=$( echo $right $x );
fi;
done;
# The arguments have been split in half
left=$( mrgsrt $left );
right=$( mrgsrt $right );
# each half has been sorted recursively
mrg $left $right;
# The two halves have been merged together with a helper method
else
echo "Usage: mrgsrt <series of numbers seperated by spaces>";
fi;
}
mrg() {
# This method sorts two sorted lists of numbers by adding the lowest of
# firstmost unsorted number into a new list until all numbers have been
# added and then returns that list.
#
# @Author: Adam Vite
l=1; # Begining index of left half
r=$(($# / 2 + 1)); # Begining index of right half
unset list;
while [ $l -ne $(($# / 2 + 1)) ] || [ $r -ne $(($# + 1)) ]; do
if [ $l = $(($# / 2 + 1)) ]; then
list=$( echo $list ${!r} );
r=$(($r+1));
# Left half has been sorted
elif [ $r = $(($# + 1)) ]; then
list=$( echo $list ${!l} );
l=$(($l+1));
# Right half has been sorted
elif [ ${!l} -lt ${!r} ]; then
list=$( echo $list ${!l} );
l=$(($l+1));
# Firstmost unsorted left is less than firstmost unsorted right
else
list=$( echo $list ${!r} );
r=$(($r+1));
# Firstmost unsorted right is less than firstmost unsorted left
fi;
done;
echo $list;
}
When I work on a Windows machine, I usually end up coming across a missing/corrupt driver. On Windows it is next to impossible to figure out what kind of hardware is in your computer without having the driver installed. You could google for a device id, but you’re going to get a lot of wrong answers.
A better solution is using a live CD. Any recent one will work; the tools you’re using will work regardless.
lspci – List all PCI Devices
01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: nVidia Corporation GeForce 8400M GS (rev a1)
03:01.0 FireWire (IEEE 1394): Ricoh Co Ltd R5C832 IEEE 1394 Controller (rev 05)
03:01.1 Generic system peripheral [0805]: Ricoh Co Ltd R5C822 SD/SDIO/MMC/MS/MSPro Host Adapter (rev 22)
03:01.2 System peripheral: Ricoh Co Ltd R5C843 MMC Host Controller (rev 12)
03:01.3 System peripheral: Ricoh Co Ltd R5C592 Memory Stick Bus Host Adapter (rev 12)
03:01.4 System peripheral: Ricoh Co Ltd xD-Picture Card Controller (rev 12)
09:00.0 Ethernet controller: Broadcom Corporation NetLink BCM5906M Fast Ethernet PCI Express (rev 02)
0c:00.0 Network controller: Intel Corporation PRO/Wireless 3945ABG Network Connection (rev 02)
Want to know the model of your network card, even if Linux doesn’t support it? No quite sure what kind of nvidia card you have? Done.
You might say, “Well sure, that’s nifty. But what about USB devices?”
lsusb – List USB Devices
Bus 004 Device 002: ID 046d:c50e Logitech, Inc. MX-1000 Cordless Mouse Receiver
dmesg – Outputs nifty stuff about your computer
From hard drives, to being able to see if the machine detected a new USB device to what wireless cards were detected dmesg offers a ton of information. I suggest using grep and more; my dmesg is 541 lines long, and it wouldn’t be surprising for yours to be more.
It it also a great place to find error messages (failling hardware generally shows up here).
[ 7.616000] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] 156301488 512-byte hardware sectors (80026 MB)
[ 16.076000] iwl3945: Tunable channels: 11 802.11bg, 13 802.11a channels
Want to see how much memory is actually being detected? (Windows and many BIOS’s round these numbers)
cat /proc/meminfo
Want to know a bunch of information about the CPU in the machine? Then cpuinfo is for you.
cat /proc/cpuinfo
In Linux, you generally have run levels that range from 0-6.
0: Halt (shutdown) the system
1: Single user mode (major upgrades, maintenance, etc.)
2: Basic multi user mode
3: Full multi user mode
4: Unused (custom)
5: Multi user mode with GUI
6: Reboot
0,1 and 6 are always the same, but different distros do different things with the other run levels (for example, Debian-based systems use run level 2 for GUI and full multi-user mode)
You can see what services start at what run level by looking in the directory /etc/rc#.d where # is the run level number.
The run level number can be found in /etc/inittab (id:2:initdefault: for example)
If you were to look in /etc/rc2.d, you would see files that look like:
S99program
These are usually symbolic links to files in /etc/init.d (so a change to /etc/init.d/program would change the programs script for every run level).
Start-up scripts in Linux follow the form “start-stop” (at minimum). Many have “start-stop-restart-reload-check” or possible more.
A basic start-stop script would look like this:
#!/bin/bash
case $1 in
start)
program
;;
stop)
program
;;
esac
Don’t forget
chmod +x script
This is useful to know, especially if you are dealing with a machine that may need specific commands to be run when booting or shutting down in order to function properly (for example, in the radio station we need the client machines to run dhclient at S99 in order to obtain an IP address).
These scripts are not all run at once (by default). S##program where ## is the priority of the script.
S99 will run last, while S10 will run before most other things.
- The output of “show version” in the body of the e-mail
- Serial number of the device in the body of the e-mail (yes, even though it’s in show ver)
- A list of all vulnerabilities for the selected IOS from cisco’s website in the body of the e-mail (just copy and paste the links)
- Request a non-vulnerable IOS version
5. Wait and they should send you a link to download the IOS.
- Friendly name: Name of AP (Example: corp-ap-1141-il)
- IP Address: IP of AP
- Shared Secret – Manual (Generate a random 12+ digit key with no special chars)
- Under “Advanced” tab, Vendor name: Cisco and check “RADIUS client is NAP capable”
4. Under NPS – Policies – Network Policies create a new Policy called ‘Cisco AP Radius’
- Condition Tab: Windows Groups (Domain Users)
- Constraints Tab
- Auth Methods: Add all three auth methods. Check MS-CHAPv2, MS-CHAP, CHAP and PAP/SPAP
- NAS Port Type: Select Wireless 802.11 under Common 802.1x types and “Wireless Other” under “Others”
- Settings Tab
- Standard: add Service-Type Login
5. When done, move the Cisco AP Radius policy to the #1 position
Configure Cisco AP for RADIUS
aaa new-modelaaa group server radius rad_eapserver 10.0.0.3 auth-port 1812 acct-port 1813aaa authentication login eap_methods group rad_eapaaa session-id commonradius-server host 10.0.0.3 auth-port 1812 acct-port 1813 key KEYYOUGENERATEDEARILERdot11 ssid CompanyWifino authentication openno wpa-psk asciiauthentication open eap eap_methodsauthentication network-eap eap_methods
2. Try to connect with a client computer. Debug on AP with: debug radius authentication
1. Prep machine or VM for the migration. On the destination server, boot with a live CD (CentOS, Debian, etc.). Partition drives.
I am assuming you are using just one partition, adding other partitions is trivial.
2. Mount drive and transfer system
mkdir /media/chroot
mount /dev/sda1 /media/chroot
rsync -az –exclude ‘proc’ –exclude ‘sys’ –exclude ‘dev’ –exclude ‘media’ –exclude ‘mnt’ root@source_server:/ /media/chroot
mkdir /media/chroot/dev
mkdir /media/chroot/proc
mkdir /media/chroot/sys
mount –bind /dev /media/chroot/dev
3. Chroot into system
chroot /media/chroot
mount /proc
mount /sys
mv /boot/grub/device.map /boot/grub/device.map.old
grub-mkdevicemap
update-grub
install-grub /dev/sda
Also make sure to edit /etc/fstab with your new device IDs/partitions. You can view a list of device IDs by doing
ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid
When you are done, reboot.
3. System show now boot successfully
I recently had to copy the partition table of a 3TB disk in a situation where tools such as sfdisk could not be installed.
Since GPT table length is dependant on the number of partitions, you need to do some investigation.
In this case, it was a ‘QNAP’ server that had fdisk (no GPT support) and parted.
On a working drive, run
parted -ms /dev/sda print
Note the number of partitions.
Formula = (128*N)+1024
Where N is the number of partitions you have. In this case I had 4, so I end up with a value of 1536
dd if=/dev/sda of=GPT_TABLE bs=1 count=1536
You now have a backup of a valid partition table you can apply to another drive
dd if=GPT_TABLE of=/dev/sdb bs=1 count=1536
Once this was done, you can manually re-add the drive.
mdadm –manage /dev/md0 –add /dev/sdb3
If you are wondering how we determined the sd[a-z], we accomplished this through hot-swapping the drive to generate logs indicating the drive.
Now why this supposedly automated RAID product required this…
I assume you’ve already taken a recursive ZFS snapshot and sent the snapshot/pool off to your local NFS server.
In this example, I have a Netra X1 with 2 drives (mirrored)
Now you need to boot your Solaris 10 CD/DVD, either from physical media or over the network
boot net -s
or
boot cdrom -s
Important: Make sure your disks are labeled correctly! (SMI)
format -e c0t0d0s0
>label
>0 (For SMI)
>modify
>Free Space Hog (Select s0, not s6)
Do the same for your other disk as well (In my case, c0t2d0s0)
Create your rpool
zpool create -f -o failmode=continue -R /a -m legacy -o cachefile=/etc/zfs/zpool.cache rpool mirror c0t0d0s0 c0t2d0s0
Mount NFS
mkdir /tmp/a
mount 192.168.1.1:/archives /tmp/a
ZFS Receive
zfs receive -dvuF rpool < /tmp/a/archive/rpool-backup
Set which pool you want to boot from
zpool set bootfs=rpool/ROOT/s10s_u8wos_08a rpool
Install boot blocks (SPARC)
installboot -F zfs /usr/platform/`uname -i`/lib/fs/zfs/bootblk /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
installboot -F zfs /usr/platform/`uname -i`/lib/fs/zfs/bootblk /dev/rdsk/c0t2d0s0
Reboot
reboot -- disk
I’ve been using Dropbox since the service launched and have overall been very happy with it. My only complaint was that if you decide to pay there are only two tiers available: 50 and 100GB. ($99 and $199 a year respectively).
Having tried Ubuntu One when it first came out (when you could only use it on Linux) I was hesitant to try again. Checking out their website I was pleasantly surprised to see that we get 5GB free (compared to DropBox’s 2GB) and that getting 20GB was only $29 a year (or $2.99 a month). However, they still do not have a Windows client!
The first thing I did was install it on my Android phone. After it installed, I opened it and was greeted by a very clean looking interface. Unfortunately that was mostly illusion for as soon as I clicked ‘Log In’ it took me away from the app and opened up the default web browser to one.ubuntu.com
To make it even worse, the browser window just displayed an error of ‘Something has gone wrong’. Three more attempts, each time an error. Attempting to use their website on my laptop showed frequent timeouts at this same time.
Wow… really? That certainly raises a red flag.
After giving up for the night, the next morning I tried again and it worked on the first try.
After authenticating, it gives me the option to upload all past and future photos, all future photos or none.
Much like Photobucket the “auto-upload” does NOT allow you to define directories to grab images from, making the feature next to worthless if you use any apps that download photos to your phone. In fact the only options for the auto-upload are a checkbox to enable/disable and how quickly you want it to start uploading your photos when it detects them.
Pros:
Cons:
Conclusion
Avoid Ubuntu One.
Unlike Dropbox (which supports every OS I’ve thrown at it) you will be unable to use Ubuntu One while you’re at work/school assuming they run Windows. Same for OSX.
Their Android app is flaky and still needs quite a bit of work. Their website was having difficulties which does not bode well for their infrastructure.
If you have your files “in the cloud” you want to be guaranteed you will be able to access them.
To sum it up: Ubuntu One isn’t worth it, even when you’re using the Free plan.